The paper presents a predictive framework for monitoring architectural decay by integrating 3D survey data with artificial intelligence techniques. The methodology is structured as a Digital Decision System (DDS) that combines multi-source data acquisition (laser scanning, photogrammetry, mobile mapping, and low-cost sensors) with machine learning models to forecast degradation trends. Following a Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) pipeline—comprising data collection, preprocessing, transformation, data mining, and interpretation—the system uses linear regression to model the relationship between temporal data and measurable degradation phenomena. The approach is validated through experimental applications, demonstrating how predictive models can support conservation strategies, optimize monitoring processes, and assist decision-making in architectural restoration.
A Point Cloud-Based Multi-Platform Application to Support the Conservation Project of Medieval Stone Architecture
The paper presents a multi-platform application based on point cloud data to support the conservation and dissemination of a medieval stone village. The workflow integrates 3D survey techniques—laser scanning, mobile mapping, and photogrammetry—to generate temporal datasets documenting different stages of restoration. Instead of relying on mesh-based reconstruction, the study proposes the direct use of point clouds as rendering primitives within interactive environments developed in Unity. The application is designed for multiple platforms (mobile AR, PC/web, and VR), each tailored to specific user needs and hardware constraints, enabling both professional access to detailed documentation and public engagement through immersive storytelling. The system incorporates interactive features such as time-travel navigation, point cloud visualization control, and narrative content layers, positioning the project as a hybrid tool for conservation support, education, and virtual heritage exploration.
From Digital Survey to Extended Reality. Possible Uses for the Cathedral of Udine
The paper investigates the integration of digital survey data and Extended Reality (XR) technologies for the reconstruction and dissemination of cultural heritage, focusing on a sacred architectural context. Through the combination of terrestrial laser scanning, photogrammetry, and archival sources, accurate 3D models of different historical phases of the Cathedral of Udine are generated. These models are structured within an information system that supports continuous updates and the integration of heterogeneous data. The research explores multiple XR applications, including augmented reality panels and mixed reality workstations, designed to accommodate diverse user groups and levels of engagement. The approach emphasizes both scholarly use—supporting hypothesis testing and collaborative analysis—and public dissemination, enhancing accessibility while respecting the specific constraints of a liturgical space.
Immersive Technologies for the Remote Fruition of an Inaccessible Archaeological Complex: The Site of Cento Camerelle in the Phlegraean Fields Archaeological Park
The paper presents the development of an integrated digital platform for the remote access, documentation, and dissemination of an inaccessible archaeological site. The methodology combines multi-source digital survey techniques—including UAV photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning—with 3D modeling and semantic data integration to generate accurate digital replicas of the site. These models are implemented within immersive environments (VR and WebXR), enabling virtual tours, interactive exploration, and data querying through user-friendly interfaces. The platform supports both scientific analysis and public engagement, integrating spatial data, annotations, and multimedia content into a scalable knowledge system. The research highlights the potential of immersive technologies to overcome physical accessibility constraints, while also supporting heritage conservation, monitoring, and valorisation through interoperable digital ecosystems.
AR for the Knowledge and Fruition of Street Art Works
The paper presents a methodology for the documentation, preservation, and enhancement of street art through augmented reality technologies. The approach combines photogrammetric survey and image-based tracking techniques to generate high-resolution digital representations of artworks, which are then integrated into an AR application developed with Unity and Vuforia Engine. The system allows users to access contextual information, interpretative content, and multimedia data directly overlaid onto the physical artworks, enhancing their understanding and accessibility. The research is tested on selected street art works in Naples, demonstrating how AR can support both the conservation of ephemeral urban art and the creation of interactive cultural itineraries, while also highlighting the potential for scalable, georeferenced applications and WebAR developments.
AI and XR for the Knowledge, Monitoring and Promotion of Cultural Heritage Places: The Heritour Project
The paper presents the Heritour project, an integrated framework combining artificial intelligence, sensor-based monitoring, and extended reality technologies for the management and promotion of cultural heritage. The approach focuses on the development of a predictive monitoring system based on machine learning algorithms, capable of processing data collected through IoT sensors and integrated surveys to assess structural conditions and potential risks. At the same time, the project leverages XR technologies (VR/AR) to enhance dissemination, enabling immersive and interactive exploration of heritage sites. The workflow integrates data acquisition, processing, and management within a multi-layered digital infrastructure, supporting both decision-making processes and public engagement through semantic 3D models and digital platforms.
Towards Virtual Cultural Heritage Routes. Development of Digital Models for Extended Accessibility of the H2020 Prometheus Project
The paper presents a methodological framework for the digital documentation, modeling, and dissemination of Cultural Heritage Routes within the H2020 PROMETHEUS project. It integrates multi-scale digital survey techniques (TLS, UAV photogrammetry, mobile scanning) with HBIM modeling and database construction to create structured digital replicas of heritage sites. These models are connected within virtual platforms to enable extended accessibility, supporting both analysis and public engagement. XR technologies (AR and VR) are employed to enhance storytelling, interactive exploration, and design scenarios, allowing users to visualize historical transformations and future redevelopment proposals. The approach emphasizes the creation of interoperable, multi-layered information systems linking geometry, metadata, and cultural narratives across territorial, urban, and architectural scales.
A Simultaneous Multiuser Collaborative Immersive Design Environment: Extended Reality and Digital Photogrammetry for the Valorisation of Heritage Sites
The paper presents an experimental immersive design environment that integrates digital photogrammetry, 3D modeling, and extended reality technologies for collaborative architectural design in heritage contexts. A photogrammetric survey is used to generate a lightweight textured mesh of a traditional building, which is then imported into a virtual reality design platform (SketchUp with VR plugin). The system enables simultaneous multiuser interaction, allowing designers to collaboratively edit and develop projects within a shared immersive environment. The approach demonstrates how digital twins and XR interfaces can enhance design workflows, improve contextual awareness, and support heritage valorisation, while also highlighting limitations related to scale and usability in architectural applications.
The Connection Between Scenography and Virtual Reconstructions of the Statuary Groups in the Nymphaeum of Tiberius
The paper investigates the relationship between spatial scenography and virtual reconstruction in the interpretation of fragmented archaeological contexts. Focusing on the Nymphaeum of Tiberius, the study combines historical research, integrated digital survey (laser scanning and photogrammetry), and 3D modeling to reconstruct both the architectural environment and its original statuary groups. Through processes of virtual anastylosis and multidimensional representation, fragmented sculptures are digitally reassembled and repositioned within their original setting. The resulting models are used in extended reality environments and web-based platforms to enhance interpretation, enabling users to explore the reconstructed spatial narrative and understand the original scenic composition of the site.
Virtual and Mixed Reality for the Enhancement of an Absence: The Case of the Artemis Statue
The paper investigates the use of virtual and mixed reality technologies to enhance the temporary absence of museum artifacts, proposing exhibition strategies based on digital twins, 3D animations, and immersive interaction. Through photogrammetric survey and 3D modeling, a digital replica of the Artemis statue is generated and used to develop interactive and narrative content, including video installations and holographic experiences via HoloLens. The approach aims to improve the understanding of the artifact’s historical transformations and restorations, allowing users to actively explore its reconstruction and formal evolution within a hybrid physical-digital museum environment.