The introduction and rapid expansion of new algorithms based on Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) processes to support knowledge and design activities has revolutionized multiple domains in recent years. Among these, research in the fields of Cultural Heritage, Design, and Architecture is fostering the development of new methodologies for study and content creation — partly supporting existing tools and partly replacing them entirely — while offering a new paradigmatic perspective on the impact of AI within these domains.
More specifically, the introduction of Generative AI (GenAI) and the creation of new forms of content within these fields open new possibilities for the understanding, analysis, design, and communication of architecture and design. At the same time, these developments highlight the limitations and risks associated with their uncritical use and raise important ethical questions. Human guidance and supervision in generative processes still remain — fortunately — a foundational component of these workflows, ensuring control over results while encouraging their implementation across different areas.
Through a concise review of current research in the field, the article provides an updated overview of recent international studies, while anticipating possible future developments concerning XR and AI in Cultural Heritage, Design, and Architecture.